Sugarcane, an important source of sugar, plays a substantial role in the world economy. As a C4 plant this has very efficient system for carbohydrate metabolism through photosynthesis. Crop improvement efforts have concentrated mainly on improving quality traits, mainly sugar content. As this is a complex trait, it involves a large number of target genes in the metabolic pathway. Further, the complex polyploid nature of the crop makes it even more difficult to pin point the key players in this complex pathway. Despite its importance, little is known about the exact mechanism of sucrose accumulation and its regulation in sugarcane. "Molecular Marker Applications for Sugar Content in Sugarcane" seeks to look into the crop improvement programs for this essential crop. The initial studies on molecular markers with respect to quality attributes, mainly sugar content, like diversity studies, marker identification, mapping strategies and other applications leading to functional genomics will be dealt with in a detailed manner. The impact of these techniques in improving the sugar content, directly or indirectly, will be discussed. The possibility of diverse roles being played by some of the genes calls for more detailed analyses to study their possible role in sugar accumulation. The sugar accumulation and regulation mechanisms in monocots and dicots may have similarities at some points which will be reviewed.  Comparative genomics, which has an important role in the genomic analysis in this crop is another aspect of importance in this book. The complexities associated with the crop make it a difficult candidate for molecular studies too, compared to other crops. The possible implications of the polyploidy and other peculiarities of this crop will help us to be cautious in our approach towards molecular marker applications in this crop, even though the rapid advancements in this field may be of help in overcoming many of these difficulties.