I. Introduction.- II. Cell Reprogramming: A New Era in Regenerative Medicine -- a. Stem Cells -- b. Reprogramming Methods.- c. Measuring Pluripotency, Efficiency, and Identity -- d. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells versus Embryonic Stem Cells -- III. Understanding Epigenetic Memory is the Key to Successful Reprogramming -- a. Pre-fertilization to Embryo -- b. Epigenetic Control in De-, Re-, and Trans-differentiation -- IV. Prospects for Cell Replacement Therapies for Brain Diseases -- a. Parkinson’s Disease -- b. Childhood Brain White Matter Disorders -- V. Conclusions.- VI. Acknowledgement -- VII. References.

The principle goal of regenerative medicine is the restoration of damaged, dysfunctional, or missing cellular tissue, up to and including whole organs. Growing healthy replacement tissue, in vivo or in vitro, plays an important role in anticipated therapies. To generate competent replacement material, scientists confront the fundamental issues of cellular identity and plasticity. The basis of this book is formed by the theses of three talented master students: Stephanie Dooves, Dwayne Holmes and Judith Wagner. Their work discusses the recent advancements in the field of cell reprogramming. Although it is clear that we can produce pluripotent stem cells from differentiated cells, there are still a lot of unsolved issues. These issues include the efficiency and safety of reprogramming, the similarity of induced pluripotent (iPSCs) to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the epigenetic status of the cells. In the third chapter, the use of stem cell therapy for brain diseases will be discussed, with a focus on Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Vanishing White Matter (VWM).